Background and Objective: Teaching children is a complex process that requires patience, perseverance, and choosing the right methods. Educational systems should use appropriate educational methods to improve children's learning and cognitive development by accurately recognizing the needs, age, and conditions of the child. Undoubtedly, a monotonous and boring educational system with inflexible rules cannot meet the needs of today's children. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of education and play on the temperament, attention, and memory of preschool children.

Methodology: The method of this study was multivariate analysis of covariance. The sample of the study was 34 new students (17 in the experimental group and 17 in the control group) who were selected by multistage random cluster sampling method from among the new students of a preschool that taught children traditionally and in accordance with the national education tariff. The data collection tool was the 74-item Cloninger ps-TCI questionnaire to measure temperament and temperament, the Wechsler Working Memory Test to measure working memory and the CPT Continuous Performance Test to measure attention. The independent variable was 12 sessions of Montessori-style education and play. Inferential statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Levene test and analysis of covariance were used to test the hypotheses.

Findings: The findings show that education with play has a positive effect on temperament and character in the dimensions of self-direction and self-transcendence (0.01), attention in impulsivity 1 (0.03), attention span 1 (0.008), impulsivity 2 (0.015), attention deficit 2 (0.028), attention span 2 (0.008), and attention span 3 (0.005), and memory of preschool children in forward repetition and memory span (0.001).

Conclusion: When we give children enough tools, opportunities, and time to express themselves as they want, they manifest different talents and characteristics. The education with play method is a more appropriate method than the traditional and old education common in preschoolers and has a positive effect on different aspects of children's development.