A new approach to children's education quarterly

A new approach to children's education quarterly

Investigating the role of self-compassion, self-worth and trait anger in predicting social phobia of adolescent students in post-corona

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
1 PhD in Psychology, Education department, Ardakan, Yazd, Iran
2 Master's student in clinical psychology, Azad University, Isfahan branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran
3 Masters in Educational Psychology, Payam Noor University, Taft Branch, Yazd, Iran
4 Masters in Educational Psychology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background and Aim: One of the psychological problems of students is social phobia, which can greatly reduce academic performance. The present study was conducted with the aim of Investigating the role of self-compassion, self-esteem and trait anger in predicting social phobia of female adolescent students.

Method: This study is descriptive and was conducted using the correlational method. The study population consisted of high school students in Arak during the academic year 1401-1402. The sample size was determined as 250 individuals based on the Green formula and sampling was done cluster sampling. Participants responded to the Social Anxiety Scale by Conover and colleagues (2000), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965), Self-Compassion Scale by Raes and colleagues (2011), and Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (1990). The data was analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods at a significance level of 0.05, and the analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS26 software.

Results: The results indicate a significant negative relationship between feelings of self-esteem and social anxiety (p<.001). Furthermore, there is a significant negative relationship between self-compassion and social anxiety (p<.001), and a significant relationship between trait anger and social anxiety exists as well (p<.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that 25% of the variance in social anxiety among adolescent students is predicted by a linear combination of the variables of self-compassion, self-esteem, and trait anger (R =.512, R2=.462, adjusted R2=.451).

Conclusion: self-compassion-based interventions grounded in self-esteem and proper anger management and assertiveness can help reduce social anxiety by modifying mood, temperament, and angry reactions towards mistakes.
Keywords

Badin, E., Alvarez, E., & Chu, B. C. (2020). Cognitive behavioral therapy for child and adolescent anxiety: CBT in a nutshell. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Youth: Tradition and Innovation, 41-71.‏
Bandura, A. (1969). Social-learning theory of identificatory processes. Handbook of socialization theory and research, 213, 262.
Binasis, T., Groves, D., Wootton, B. M., & Moses, K. (2022). Psychometric properties of the DSM‐5 social anxiety disorder dimensional scale in an Australian community sample. Journal of clinical psychology, 78(5), 938-950.
Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Churchill, L. E., Sherwood, A., Weisler, R. H., & Foa, E. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN): New self-rating scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 176(4), 379-386.‏
Conrad, R., Forstner, A. J., Chung, M. L., Mücke, M., Geiser, F., Schumacher, J., & Carnehl, F. (2021). Significance of anger suppression and preoccupied attachment in social anxiety disorder: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 21, 1-9.
De Moor, E. L., Denissen, J. J., Emons, W. H., Bleidorn, W., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., & Chung, J. M. (2021). Self-esteem and satisfaction with social relationships across time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(1), 173.
Derakhsh, M, Heydari, Sh, Hassanzadeh, R. (2012). Anger control training method on reducing and increasing social adaptation of students addicted to online games. Islamic lifestyle with health society, 6(4), 303-312. [Persian]
Ding, Z., Wang, X., & Liu, Q. (2018). The relationship between college students’ self-esteem and cyber aggressive behavior: The role of social anxiety and dual self-consciousness. Psychological Development and Education, 34(2), 171-180.‏
Dinos, S., & Palmer, S. (2015). Self-esteem within cognitive behavioural coaching: a theoretical framework to integrate theory with practice. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research and Practice, 8(2), 137-153.
Elbay, R. Y., Kurtulmuş, A., Arpacıoğlu, S., & Karadere, E. (2020). Depression, anxiety, stress levels of physicians and associated factors in Covid-19 pandemics. Psychiatry research, 290, 113130.‏
Esni Ashari, N, Shaykh al-Islami, R. (2014). The role of mediators of emotional maturity in the relationship between self-esteem and social sports of adolescent girls. Scientific Quarterly of Psychological Methods and Models, 6(22), 35-52. [Persian]
Farhadi, M., Rahimi, H., Paydar, M. R. Z., & Vasel, M. Y. (2023). The Effectiveness of Self-Compassion-Focused Therapy on Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 18(2), 134-144.‏
Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and social anxiety: The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatric Clinics, 24(4), 723-751.
Gómez Chacón, R., Nuñez Sánchez, J. M., & Gálvez Ruiz, P. (2024). Effects of Physical Activity and COVID-19 on Healthy Student Strengths in the University System: Implications for Post-Pandemic Management. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 14(1), 243-255.
Habibi, A, Sarabadani, M. (2022). SPSS practical training. Tehran: Narun. [Persian]
Hallett, C. (2023). Social Anxiety and Friendship Quality: The Role of Anger Suppression (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto (Canada).
Hamid, N., Poursaleh, A., & Davoudi, I. (2021). The Effectiveness of Compassion Mindfulness Training on the Symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder and Emotional Cognitive Management Strategies in Female Students with Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 16(61), 75-94.‏
Hassanvand Amuzadeh, M. (2015). Examining the validity and reliability of social phobia among patients with social phobia. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 26(139), 166-177. [Persian]
Hosseinpour, MR, Ghorbani Moghadam, P, Alizadeh, A. (2021). Prediction of social illness, self-compassion and self-esteem in female athletes. Nursing development in health, 12(2), 37-47. [Persian]
Ibda, H., Wulandari, T. S., Abdillah, A., Hastuti, A. P., & Mahsum, M. (2023). Student academic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 12(1), 286-295.
Kashdan, T. B., Weeks, J. W., & Savostyanova, A. A. (2011). Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: A self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical psychology review, 31(5), 786-799.
Kindred, R., & Bates, G. W. (2023). The Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(3), 2362.
Kraaimaat, F. W., & Hornsveld, R. H. (2023). Are Hostility, Anger, and Aggression Involved in the Social Anxiety of Forensic Psychiatric Outpatients Convicted of a Violent Crime?. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 1-12.
Makadi, E., & Koszycki, D. (2020). Exploring connections between self-compassion, mindfulness, and social anxiety. Mindfulness, 11 (2), 480–492.
Mäkikangas, A., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2004). Self-esteem, dispositional optimism, and health: Evidence from cross-lagged data on employees. Journal of research in personality, 38(6), 556-575
McBride, N. L., Bates, G. W., Elphinstone, B., & Whitehead, R. (2022). Self‐compassion and social anxiety: The mediating effect of emotion regulation strategies and the influence of depressed mood. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 95(4), 1036-1055.Mosavi, f., Jazayeri, l., Ghazaghi, l., Kalhori, m., Salimi, f. M., Mahammady, y., Hasani, h., Hasanvand, n., Ahmadvand, f., Mohamadi, m., Amini, n., Azizi, f., Khamisabai, m., & Mirzabeighi, S. (2022). Investigating the Components and Dimensions of the Mission of Schools in Post-Corona Era through Grounded Theory. Transcendent Education, 1(4), 27-38.
Mou, Q., Zhuang, J., Gao, Y., Zhong, Y., Lu, Q., Gao, F., & Zhao, M. (2022). The relationship between social anxiety and academic engagement among Chinese college students: A serial mediation model. Journal of Affective Disorders, 311, 247-253.
Mousavi, H, Hakhayegh, SA. (2018). The effectiveness of psychodrama on social health, self-esteem and psychological well-being of patients diagnosed with social disease. Knowledge and Research in Applied Psychology, 20(3), 22-30. [Persian]
Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., ... & Kawashima, R. (2017). The anterior midcingulate cortex as a neural node underlying hostility in young adults. Brain Structure and Function, 222, 61-70.
Neff, K. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and identity, 2(2), 85-101.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. Journal of clinical psychology, 69(1), 28-44.‏
Nguyen, T. M., & Le, G. N. H. (2021). The influence of COVID-19 stress on psychological well-being among Vietnamese adults: The role of self-compassion and gratitude. Traumatology, 27(1), 86.‏
Nosrati, R., Nemati, M., & Dehghan, F. (2019). Relation Self-esteem with social anxiety and support in dyslexic children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 5(4), 56-62.‏
Onukwuli, V. O., Onyinye, E. N., Udigwe, I. B., Umeh, U. M., Enebe, J. T., & Umerah, A. T. (2023). Internet addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents in southeast Nigeria and implications for adolescent care in the post-pandemic era: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Medicine, 11, 20503121231152763.
Palacio-Ortiz, J. D., Londoño-Herrera, J. P., Nanclares-Márquez, A., Robledo-Rengifo, P., & Quintero-Cadavid, C. P. (2020). Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Revista Colombiana de psiquiatria (English ed.), 49(4), 279-288.
Rimes, K., Smith, P., & Bridge, L. (2023). Low self-esteem: A refined cognitive behavioural model. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 14(3), 123-148.
Rosenberg, M. (2015). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton university press.‏
Seon, Y. (2021). Self‐esteem as a mediator of parental attachment security and social anxiety. Psychology in the Schools, 58(8), 1545-1556.
Shamali Ahmadabadi, M, Pasokhi Ahmadabadi, A. (2022). Examining cheating among students in virtual exams during the covid 19 pandemic. Information Technology and Communication in Educational Sciences, 12(48), 79-92. [Persian]
Sohailipour, A, Rashtbari, A, Ahmadi, D, Saed, O. (2023). Changes in the symptoms of general illness, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety and generalized anxiety among students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Cognitive Psychology and Psychiatry, 10(1), 45-58. [Persian]
Spielberger, C. D., Jacobs, G., Russell, J. S., & Crane, R. S. (1983). Assessment of anger: the state-trait anger scale. Hillside.‏
Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Dal Santo, T., Li, L., Jiang, X., ... & Thombs, B. D. (2023). Comparison of mental health symptoms before and during the covid-19 pandemic: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 134 cohorts. bmj, 380.
Thomas, S. A., & Gonzalez-Prendes, A. A. (2009). Powerlessness, anger, and stress in African American women: Implications for physical and emotional health. Health Care for Women International, 30(1-2), 93-113.‏
Tse, Z. W. M., Emad, S., Hasan, M. K., Papathanasiou, I. V., Rehman, I. U., & Lee, K. Y. (2023). School-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder and social anxiety symptoms: A systematic review. Plos one, 18(3), e0283329.
van Tuijl, L. A., Glashouwer, K. A., Bockting, C. L., Tendeiro, J. N., Penninx, B. W., & de Jong, P. J. (2016). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in current, remitted, recovered, and comorbid depression and anxiety disorders: The NESDA study. PLoS One, 11(11), e0166116.‏
Versella, M. V., Piccirillo, M. L., Potter, C. M., Olino, T. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2016). Anger profiles in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 37, 21-29.
Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment and treatment.
Werner, K. H., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Ziv, M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). Self-compassion and social anxiety disorder. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(5), 543-558.
Yan, S., Wang, W., Kuang, S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, H. (2023). The relationships between trait anger, forgiveness, and subjective well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: a moderated mediating model under lockdown situation. Current Psychology, 1-10.
Yao, Z., Pang, L., Xie, J., Shi, S., & Ouyang, M. (2023). The relationship between social anxiety and self-injury of junior high school students: Mediation by intolerance of uncertainty and moderation by self-esteem. Frontiers in Public Health, 11.‏
 
Volume 6, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19
Spring 2024
Pages 163-174

  • Receive Date 14 May 2024
  • Revise Date 05 June 2024
  • Accept Date 19 June 2024
  • First Publish Date 19 June 2024
  • Publish Date 19 June 2024